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Glycerin

Glycerin

Basic Information

CAS No.: 56-81-5
Molecular Formula: C3H8O3
Molecular weight: 92.09382

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Product Details

Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is an important polyol. It appears as a colorless, transparent viscous liquid, odorless, and strongly hygroscopic. It is stable at room temperature and miscible with water and ethanol in any proportion. The three hydroxyl groups in its molecule make it an excellent humectant, solvent, and viscosity modifier. Based on these properties, glycerol is widely used in cosmetics, food, oral care, and pharmaceuticals. Industrially, it is also a key raw material for synthetic resins, polyurethanes, and nitroglycerin.


Chemical Properties

PropertyValue
Melting point20   °C (lit.)
Boiling point290   °C
Density1.25   g/mL (lit.)
Vapor density3.1   (vs air)
Vapor pressure<1   mmHg (20 °C)
FEMA2525   | GLYCEROL
Refractive indexn20/D   1.474 (lit.)
Flash point320   °F
Storage conditionStore   at +5°C to +30°C.
SolubilityH₂O:   5 M, 20 °C, clear, colorless
Acidity coefficient (pKa)14.15   (at 25°C)
FormViscous   liquid
ColorAPHA:   ≤10
Specific gravity1.265   (15/15°C) 1.262
OdorOdorless
pH value5.5-8   (25°C, 5M in H₂O)
pH range (indicator)5.5   - 8
Aroma typeOdorless
Biological sourceSynthetic   (organic)
Explosive limit2.6-11.3%(V)
Water solubility>500   g/L (20 °C)
Thermal conductivity0.285   W/(m·K) at 25 °C
Maximum wavelength (λ_max)λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.05
    λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.04
SensitivityHygroscopic
Merck144484
JECFA Number909
BRN635685
Henry's Law Constant4.7×106 mol/(m3Pa)4.7×106mol/(m3Pa) at   25°C, Burkholder et al. (2019)
Exposure LimitsOSHA:   TWA 15 mg/m33; TWA 5 mg/m33
Dielectric Constant47.0   (Ambient)
StabilityStable.   Incompatible with perchloric acid, alumina, acetic anhydride, nitrobenzene,   ammonia, peroxides, strong acids, strong bases. Combustible.
Cosmetic Ingredient FunctionHUMECTANT
    SKIN CONDITIONING - HUMECTANT
    DENATURANT
    FRAGRANCE
    SOLVENT
    SKIN PROTECTING
    VISCOSITY CONTROLLING
    PERFUMING
    ORAL CARE
    HAIR CONDITIONING
Cosmetic Ingredient AssessmentGlycerol   (56-81-5)
InChI1S/C3H8O3/c4-1-3(6)2-5/h3-6H,1-2H2
InChIKeyPEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILESOCC(O)CO
LogP-2.32
Surface Tension64   mN/m at 20°C
CAS Database56-81-5   (CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemical Information1,2,3-Propanetriol   (56-81-5)
EPA Chemical InformationGlycerine   (56-81-5)
Absorption≤0.02≤0.02 at   280 nm in H₂O at 0.5M
    ≤0.07≤0.07 at 260 nm in H₂O at 0.5M


Safety Information

HazardNon-hazardous substance. Mildly   irritating to eyes and skin.
Hazard   SymbolNone ("Xi" may be   used for high concentrations)
Transport   ClassificationNon-restricted goods
ToxicityRat oral LD50 > 20 mL/kg


Product Usage

Due to its unique humectant, solubility, and stability properties, glycerol is widely used in many fields. In cosmetics and personal care products, glycerol is a classic humectant and skin conditioning agent, commonly found in face creams, lotions, toothpaste, and shampoos. In the food industry, it serves as a moisture-retaining agent and sweetener, used in candies, baked goods, and beverages. In the pharmaceutical field, glycerol is used to prepare suppositories, cough syrups, and topical formulations. Industrially, glycerol is an important raw material for synthetic resins, polyurethanes, nitroglycerin (explosives), and tobacco humectants. Additionally, it is used as an antifreeze agent, lubricant, and coating additive.

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